C. L. Davis Gross Pathology Review – Wildlife

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Содержание Vectored diseases Slide No. Slide No. Dermacentor albipictus Dermacentor albipictus Dermacentor albipictus Keds Etiology Slide No. MitesSarcoptic Mange Demodectic Mange Slide No. Sarcoptes scabiei Sarcoptes scabiei Ursicoptes americanus or Sarcoptes scabiei Notoedric mange Slide No. Psoroptes ovis Psoroptes ovis Psoroptes cuniculi Susceptible species ... Полное содержание

C. L. Davis Gross Pathology Review – Wildlife Leslie W. Woods, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California Mammals Integument Ectoparasites Ticks (Class Arachnida: Order Acarina) Soft ticks (Argasidae) Etiology: Ornithodoros sp., Otobius spp Susceptible species (Ornithodoros spp): bats, rodents, rabbits, weasels Susceptible species (Otobius megnini; spinous ear tick): ruminants, rabbits, coyotes Hard ticks (Ixodidae) Etiology: Amblyomma spp., Ixodes spp., Dermacentor spp., Rhipicephalus spp. Susceptible species: rodents, deer, feral swine, raccoon, bobcats, panthers, mountain lion, beaver, opossum, bats, otter, fox, weasel, ferret, porcupine, badger, coyote, rabbit, canids, etc. Clinical disease/lesions: focal dermatitis (Ixodes), hyperkeratosis with superficial crusting), otodermatitis and otitis externa (spinous ear tick), suppurative dermatitis, erythema, hematoma; lesions from heavy infestations include exudative dermatitis, anemia, emaciation, and mortality, blindness and loss of ear cartilage in fawns; Winter tick syndrome (Dermacentor albipictus): moose more severely affected, heavy tick burdens induce emaciation, hair loss (“ghost moose”), anemia, and death, elk and deer infested but typically only suffer mild alopecia ^ Vectored diseases: epizootic bovine abortion, African swine fever, bluetongue, relapsing fever, spotted fever, tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tick paralysis, Q fever, Powassan virus, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Leptospirosis ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 2 Black-tailed deer Head and neck: necrotizing/ulcerative, exudative dermatitis with hyperkeratosis and alopecia Amblyomma spp. Ixodes spp. Dermacentor spp. 3 Black-tailed deer Dermatitis, necrotizng, exudative Acarinid dermatitis 4 Moose Dermacentor albipictus 5 Black-tailed deer Severe, multifocal, necrotizing/ulcerative exudative dermatitis and blepharitis Toxic epidermal necrolysis ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 6 Black-tailed deer Dermatitis, severe, necrotizing/ulcerative, exudative with cellulitis Dermal-epidermal separation Bacteria and Severe tick infestation Burn Toxic epidermal necrolysis 7 Moose Skin: alopecia, trunk/neck ^ Dermacentor albipictus Winter Tick Syndrome 8 Moose Neck and shoulders: alopecia ^ Dermacentor albipictus Ghost moose 9 Moose Skin: alopecia/shoulders and neck, multifocal ^ Dermacentor albipictus white moose 10 Elk Multifocal alopecia, trunk/neck 11 Elk alopecia, trunk/neck ^ Keds Etiology: Lipoptena depressa pacifica and Neolipoptena ferrisi (MD, WTD), Lipoptena cervi (WTD) Clinical disease/lesions: none ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 12 Black-tailed deer none Deer keds 13 Black-tailed deer none Lipoptena/ Neolipoptena Deer keds ^ Mites Sarcoptic Mange Etiology: Sarcoptes scabiei: contagious skin mite of man and animals Susceptible hosts: reported in over 100 species of mammals and marsupials; canids, ungulates, felids, swine, etc. Clinical disease/lesions: pruritis, alopecia of muzzle, neck, shoulders, legs, flanks, ears, back, head and tail, erythematous eruptions, papules, crusting, seborrhea, lichenification, hyperpigmentation and thickening of skin, lymphadenopathy, subcutateous edema, hyperkeratosis, immunosuppression, debilitation, death ^ Demodectic Mange Etiology: Demodex odocoilei (deer), Demodex ursi (bear) Susceptible Hosts: white-tailed deer, mule deer, bear (D. ursi) Clinical disease/pathology: Syndromes: subclinical, alopecic dermatitis, marked subcutaneous edema muzzle, cellulitis, lymphadenopathy ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 14 Elk Trunk: dermatitis with alopecia, lichenification, hyperkeratosis ^ Sarcoptes scabiei mange Tick infestation 15 Coyote Dermatitis (fascial/head) with alopecia Sarcoptic acariasis sarcoptic mange 16 coyote Dermatitis, severe, exudative and ulcerative with alopecia ^ Sarcoptes scabiei 17 bear Dermatitis with alopecia, periorbital and bridge of nose. ^ Ursicoptes americanus or Sarcoptes scabiei Copper deficiency? Psoroptic Mange Etiology: Psoroptes cuniculi (ear mite), Psoroptes ovis (sheep scab), Psoroptes cervinus Susceptible hosts: deer, rabbits, bighorn sheep Clinical disease/pathology: ear droop, head shaking & scratching, thick crusts and excessive wax, sarcoptiform, otitis externa and can lead to otitis media, circling, secondary infection, alopecia, crusting, seborrhea, lichenification, hyperpigmentation and thickening of skin ^ Notoedric mange Etiology: Notoedres cati Susceptible hosts: felids, coatis, ring-tail cats, masked palm civets, raccoons, Mountain lions Clinical disease/pathology: dermatitis, alopecia (shoulders, face and ears, forepaws ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 18 Bighorn sheep Head/neck multifocal alopecic dermatitis ^ Psoroptes ovis mange Tick infestation 19 Bighorn sheep lamb Dermatitis (neck and shoulders) with hyperkeratosis and alopecia Psoroptic acariasis Sheep scab 20 Bighorn sheep Dermatitis, alopecic with hyperkeratosis, scaling and fissuring/ulcerative and lichenification ^ Psoroptes ovis 21 Bighorn sheep Auricular dermatitis, ulcerative with crusting ^ Psoroptes cuniculi Ovine psoroptic otoacariasis Ear scab mite mange Psoroptic ear mange Lice: Etiology: Lice are mostly host specific; sucking lice are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites (Anoplura) and chewing lice feed on host fur, feathers, sloughed skin or are hematophagous (Malophaga) ^ Susceptible species: mammals and birds Clinical disease/lesions: mostly inconsequential; large louse infestations suggest host immunodeficiency, nutritional deficiency or inability to groom; anemia, alopecia, dermatitis. Hair-loss syndrome Etiology: Damalinia (Cervicola) spp incriminated, Tricholipeurus parallelus, large numbers of biting lice/nutritional/internal parasitism/many other factors Hosts: Columbian black-tailed deer and Columbian white-tailed deer in Pacific Northwest states Clinical disease/lesions: progressive weakness, poor body condition, occasional mortality, most frequently seen in does/fawns, 6-12 mos. old with greatest frequency in winter and spring, asymmetrical alopecia of the thorax, flanks, hindquarters associated with heavy louse infestation (and nutritional deficiency and heavy internal parasitism), skin irritation, pruritis, dermatitis, papulocrustous dermatitis References: 1. Bildfell RJ, et. al. 2004: Hair-loss syndrome in black-tailed deer of the pacific northwest, J Wildlife Dis, 40:670-681. 2. Bender LC, Hall PB. 2004, Winter fawn survival in black-tailed deer populations affected by hair loss syndrome. J Wildlife Dis 40:444-451. Slide No. Species ^ Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 22 Black-tailed deer Truncal alopecia Damalinia (Cervicola) spp and nutritional and parasitic factors Hair loss syndrome Tick infestation Generalized dermodicosis 23 Black-tailed deer Dermatitis (neck and shoulders) with alopecia and emaciation Cutaneous pediculosis ` Mycotic Dermatophytosis (ring worm) Etiology: Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microscporum canis Susceptible hosts: all Clinical signs/lesions: focal, round, alopecia, hyperkeratosis, erythema, depigmentation ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 24 Brown bear Dermatitis, multifocal alopecia with hyperkeratosis, head, trunk and limbs ^ Microsporum spp Trichophyton spp Mycotic dermatitis Ringworm Generalized dermodicosis Sarcoptic mange 25 Brown bear Dermatitis, alopecic with hyperkeratosis and serocellular crusts dermatophytosis 26 Wallaroo Dermatitis, multifocal, papulonodular ^ Microsporum sp. Bacteria Dermatophilosis Etiology: Dermatophilus congolensis (actinomycete bacterium) Susceptible hosts: all mammals and reptiles susceptible (reported in ungulates, primate, rabbits, carnivores (bears), skunk, woodchucks) ^ Clinical signs/lesions: epidermal hyperplasia, exudative dermatitis Slide No. Species ^ Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 27 deer Dermatitis, exudative with crusting ^ Dermatophilus congolensis Dermatophilosis Mud fever Streptotrichosis Dermatophytosis mange Viral Cutaneous Fibromas: Etiology: Papillomavirus Susceptible hosts: mammals (over 50 mammalian species reported with species-specific papillomavirus) Clinical disease/pathology: cutaneous wart-like growths of the skin or mucous membranes, when interfere with vision or gluition animals become emaciated; exophytic or endophytic, smooth or verrucated, unpigmented or pigmented to black; ruminants develop fibromas/fibropapillomas/papillomas ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 28 Black-tailed deer Fibropapillomas, multifocal Conjunctivitis, blepharedema papillomavirus abscess 29 Black-tailed deer abscess conjunctivitis, blepharitis ^ Arcanobacterium pyogenes tumor 30 Black-tailed deer Eyelid fibroma papillomavirus 31 Mule deer papillomatosis papillomavirus 32 deer papillomatosis papillomavirus 33 Deer Antler papillomatosis antleroma 34 deer Antler papillomatosis antleroma 35 coyote Oral papillomatosis Papillomavirus Oral warts 36 coyote Oral papillomatosis Papillomavirus Oral warts ^ Pox virus Etiology: Orthopoxvirus (buffalopox, camelpox, ectromelia, raccoonpox, skunkpox, volepox; Parapoxvirus (bovine papillar stomatitis, ecthyma, orf, red deer parapoxvirus, red squirrelpox virus; Capripoxvirus, goatpox, lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, Leporipoxvirus (hare fibroma, myxoma virus, rabbit fibroma (Shope fibroma), deer pox squirrel fibroma). ^ Clinical Signs and Pathology: Squirrel pox/squirrel fibroma (gray and fox squirrels) - tumors may be scattered over all the body of mostly juvenile squirrels and range in size from a few mm to 25mm in diameter. Metastasis to the lungs, liver, kidney, and lymph nodes has been reported, mostly incidental except when vision is obstructed or the skin becomes secondarily infected at which time animals become weak, and eventually die. Myxomatosis (depends on strain of virus and on species infected) – in wild Oryctolagus, swollen eyelids, mucopurulent discharge from the conjunctiva and nose, swollen ears and head, scrotal edema, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 37 Black-tailed deer Fascial dermatitis, severe ulcerative, exudative with crusting with blepharitis and periorbital alopecia Poxvirus Ticks Papillomatosis mange 38 Gemsbuck Proliferative cheilitis Viral cheilitis orf 39 Domestic lamb Proliferative cheilitis/pododermatitis parapoxvirus orf Footrot 40 squirrel Fascial fibroma Squirrel poxvirus 41 rabbit Periorbital edema/conjunctivitis, blepharedema Poxvirus myxomatosis Snuffles (^ Pasteurella multocida) 42 rabbit Catarrhal rhinitis Edematous, erythematous and erosive cheilitis and dermatitis Leporipoxvirus 43 Bighorn sheep Gingivitis and cheilitis, proliferative and ulcerative poxvirus orf Nonspecific bacterial gingivitis ^ Canine Distemper Virus Etiology: Morbillivirus Susceptible species: species in all families in order Carnivora (Canidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Hyaenidae, Ursidae, Viverridae, Felidae) reported. All canids, mustelids, procyonids susceptible. Clinical disease/pathology: depression, mucopurulent oculonasal exudates, cough, vomiting diarrhea, abnormal behavior, convulsions, cerebellar and vestibular signs, paresis or paralysis incoordination, circling, hyperkeratosis of the nose, lips, eyelids, ears, anus, and foot pads; other: thymic atrophy, catarrhal/hemorrhagic enteritis, damage of enamel and dentin and tooth roots, testicular degeneration/inflammation, long bone osteosclerosis, epididymitis, pulmonary congestion and consolidation/pneumonia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 44 Black-footed ferret Fascial dermatitis with conjunctivitis, blepharitis blepharedema Morbillivirus distemper Tick infestation Dermodicosis poxvirus 45 Black-footed ferret Footpad and plantar hyperkeratosis Melena-stained perineum/tail Canine distemper virus 46 raccoon Conjunctivitis/blepharitis and hyperkeratosis Morbillivirus distemper ^ Foot Rot - Necrobacillosis Etiology: Dichelobacter nodosus and Fustobacterium necrophorum Susceptible species: mammals, outbreaks in Artyodactyla (deer, elk, pronghorn antelope, reindeer) Clinical disease/pathology: necrobacillosis of the feet and mouth which can progress to internal organs particularly the liver; outbreaks occur in wildlife concentrations of animals around water holes under drought conditions, lameness, salivation, emaciation, sometimes pneumonia from aspiration, well demarcated foci of necrosis on the buccal surfaces, tongue, pharynx, gingival, rumen, liver, swelling of feet ^ Slide No. Species Morphologic diagnosis Etiologic diagnosis/etiology Common name Differential 47 Black-tailed deer Pododermatitis, ulcerative with cellulitis ^ Fusobacterium necrophorum Dichelobacter nodosus Foot rot Infectious pododermatitis FMD orf 48 Black-tailed deer Pododermatitis/cellulitis ^ Fusobacterium necrophorum Dichelobacter nodosus virus Foot rot necrobacillosis 49 Black-tailed deer Pododermatitis/cellulitis ^ Fusobacterium necrophorum Dichelobacter nodosus Foot rot necrobacillosis 50 Black-tailed deer Pododermatitis with necrotizing osteomyelitis and arthritis ^ Fusobacterium necrophorum Dichelobacter nodosus necrobacillosis 51 antelope Hepatitis, multifocal-coalescing, caseous, necrotizing ^ Fusobacterium necrophorum Hepatic fusobacteriosis necrobacillosis Arcanobacterium pyogenes TB 52 Pneumonia, multifocal, necrotizing, embolic ^ Fusobacterium necrophorum necrobacillosis 53 deer Hepatitis, multifocal, random, caseonecotic (embolic) ^ Fusobacterium necrophorum necrobacillosis

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