Л. Ф. Лозінська викладач кафедри
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Health service in ukraine At the surgical department At the dentist ’s At the therapeutic department Higher medical education in ukraine Higher medical education in great britain |
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* subsidized treatment – ['sAbsIdaizd] лікування по субсидії * child under 16 – дитина до 16 років * to be available – бути доступним, бути вільним * postnatal care – постнатальний догляд * GP – General Practitioner – лікар загальної практики * the 18 month guarantee – гарантія на 18 місяців * as soon as – як тільки * health authority – ['helT O:'TOrItI] орган влади охорони здоров’я Questions about the text:
Summary The NHS in Great Britain was established in 1948. It provides all kinds of medical services to all residents of the country. The Service consists of three main parts: the general practitioner services, the hospital services and the local health authority services. Many people go to their general practitioner for all their medical needs. This doctor examines his patients and sends them to the hospital if necessary. Doctors at state hospitals are paid by the Government. Their pay depends on the number of the served patients. Many families in Great Britain have their own doctor. Family doctors get pay directly from their patients. The National Health Service provides free medical care to low-income groups of population. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
The public health in Ukraine has the state character. It is administered to the entire urban and rural population. It means that the state provides the population with a sufficient number of medical institutions and skilled medical staff. The Ukrainian public health system is unified. All the medical services are subordinated to a single central body – the Ministry of Health. But there are still many private medical institutions. The public health in Ukraine has a district organization of medical aid to people. Both towns and countryside are divided into medical districts. Each district usually has a hospital and a polyclinic. It is served by surgeons, therapeutists, neurologists, gynecologists and other specialists. The district doctors visit the patients at their homes or receive them at polyclinics. Besides there are large centres of cardiology, surgery, oncology, the First Aid Stations and others. There is a number of mother and child consultation centres; children’s polyclinics, maternity homes and obstetric departments in hospitals. Red Cross and Red Crescent is a mass public organization which helps public health institutions. It organizes the training of people in first aid methods and trains special nurses who look after lonely sick or aged people. There are many homes where people can restore their health and spend their vacations. Every Ukrainian citizen has the right to a sick-leave paid by the Trade Union. The main principles of the public health in Ukraine are the prevention of diseases and the extension of the life-span of people. Great attention is paid to the surrounding environment . Questions about the text:
Summary The public health in Ukraine has the state character. The Ukrainian health system is unified. There is a single central body – the Ministry of Health. But there are many private medical institutions. The public health has a district organization of medical aid to people. Each medical district has a hospital and a polyclinic. It is served by various specialists. There are large centres of cardiology, surgery, oncology, the first aid stations and others. There are many children’s polyclinics, maternity homes and obstetric departments in hospitals. There are many homes where people can restore their health. They may spend their vacations there too. The main tasks of public health are to prevent diseases and cure them. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
Every surgical *in-patient department has the reception ward, an operating room, a *scrub-up room, a *dressing room and the wards where one can see patients with surgical diseases such as acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, perforated ulcer, benign tumours, carbuncles, phlegmons and other.In the reception ward the *first rule to follow is not to harm the patient.When the doctor and nurse receive the patients they are very careful in handling them. In the traumatological wards one can see the patients *confined to bed after amputation of extremities, operation of *osteosynthesis, patients *lying under traction as they have fractures of the hip. The fractured bones are set and put in * plaster of Paris for immobilization. Closed and simple fractures heal quicker than open and compound ones. In the operating room one can see two operating-tables, instrument tables and cabinets for suture material, dressings and instruments such as scalpels, syringes, lancets, suture needles, scissors, clamps, wound clips, pincettes and sterilizing drum. The surgeon and his assistants prepare for the operation in the scrub-up room. The preparation for the operation is very important and takes much time. The surgeon and his assistants follow the rules of aseptic and are very attentive and careful during the operation. They use different ways of controlling the patient’s condition: listen to the heart, feel the pulse and look at the pupils. During the operation special devices are used for artificial respiration and blood circulation, artificial kidney, etc.(=and so on). Acute appendicitis is rather common and extremely dangerous to life. It may give such complications as gangrenous and purulent forms, rupture and peritonitis. The only treatment is an emergency operation. (It is necessary to remove the appendix immediately in order to prevent its rupture. So the patient was put on the operation table and given narcosis. Bleeding was stopped with the clamps. The inflamed appendix was resected, the abdominal cavity was cleansed and the doctor put on the sutures. The patient *survived the operation well.) After the operation special care and attention are paid to the patients. The surgeon prescribes them the proper treatment and diet. Every day the doctor on duty makes the morning round, examines the patients, tests their abdomens and dresses their wounds in the dressing room. (One patient was operated on for suppurative appendicitis. The surgeon took off the outer bandage and removed the gauze drain soaked with pus.He washed the wound, introduced a fresh drain with antibiotics into it and put on a fresh dressing. Another patient feeling well after operation for cholecystitis was put on the dressing-table. The surgeon carefully took out the stitches. It didn’t hurt the patient and he didn’t complain of any tenderness.) Convalescents(recovering) soon will be discharged from the hospital. Some patients are in bad condition. The doctors and nurses pay much attention to them. Notes: * in-patient department – стаціонарне відділення * a scrub-up room – передопераційна кімната * dressing-room – кімната для перев’язок * the first rule to follow – перше правило, якого треба дотримуватися * confined to bed – прикутий до ліжка * osteosynthesis ["OstIq'sInTIsIs] – операція остеосинтезу, полягає в тому, що при складних переломах вводиться металева пластина - шунт * lying under traction – ті, що лежать на витягнення * plaster of Paris – гіпс * to survive an operation – перенести операцію Questions about the text:
3. What patients are treated in traumatological department? 4. What surgical instruments do you know?
Summary Every large hospital has a surgical department. Here you can see many wards, some procedure rooms and one or two operating rooms. At the surgical department there are patients with appendicitis, ulcers, tumors and other diseases. In the operating room there are two operating tables, instrument tables, cabinets for suture material and dressings. Before the operation the surgeons wash their hands and put on sterile gowns, caps and masks. All instruments are sterelized too. Operations are made under general or local narcosis. The doctors control general condition of the patient. After the operation the surgeon administers him proper treatment and diet. Every day he examines the patients and dresses their wounds. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
There are some district dental polyclinics and clinics in our town. They are well-equipped with modern devices having a wide choice of dental instruments: bone forceps, hammers, * root-needles, *dental probes, *dental drills and so on. There are specialized rooms such as: procedure rooms, dentists’ surgeries, physiotherapy rooms, X-ray rooms, etc. with a variety of dental equipment: *dental drilling machines, *universal dental units, elevators, *dentists’ chairs. Novel methods of investigation are used in treating patients: *radiological investigation, cystography, *artificial contrast study, etc. Patients with dental diseases such as: *gingival hemorrhage, *gingival injury, gingivitis, stomatitis, paradontosis, dental caries and others receive necessary dental care. Medical *dental care is on a high standard. It is provided with a great staff of skilled and experienced dentists, nurses. Special attention is paid to providing medical dental aid to children. Children are examined regularly at kindergartens and schools every year, and if a dental disease or predisposition is revealed they are given proper treatment. As you know dental caries is a wide-spread disease, and if it is not treated immediately it may run a more acute course and involve a number of teeth and even may invade the organism. If you don’t care of your teeth, you may have your teeth pulled out. Once I had a toothache for several days. *The pain was getting worse. I visited a dentist, and having filled in my case history the clerk invited me to a surgery. The doctor inspected my teeth. The examination revealed a carious cavity that needed filling and the other one that had to be extracted immediately. The drilling process having been over, the dentist gave me a cup of some liquid to rinse my mouth, dried tooth cavity and filled the affected tooth. *The dental treatment has been completed but I had the next tooth to be pulled out. I was given an injection. In some minutes the doctor took a pair of forceps, gripped the tooth and pulled it out. The doctor told me *to take good care of my teeth, go to the dentist every six months, *follow oral hygiene. Notes: * root-needle – корінна (коренева) голка * dental probe – стоматологічний зонд * dental drill – стоматологічний бор * dental drilling machine – бормашина * universal dental unit – універсальне стоматологічне обладнання * artificial contrast study – штучне контрастування * radiological investigation – радіологічне дослідження * gingival hemorrhage – ['hFmqrIG] кровотеча ясен * gingival injury – ['InGqri] пошкодження ясен * dental care – лікування зубів * dentist’s chair – стоматологічне крісло * to inspect the tooth – оглядати зуб * the pain was getting worse – біль ставав дедалі гіршим * the dental treatment has been completed – повністю вилікувані зуби * to take good care of the teeth – добре слідкувати за станом зубів * to follow oral hygiene - дотримуватися гігієни рота Questions about the text: 1. What modern devices are our dentall clinics and polyclinics equipped with? 2. What methods of investigation are used in treating patients? 3. What can you say about medical dentalcare for children?
Summary There are some district dental polyclinics in our town. They have all necessary modern devices and instruments: dental drilling machines, elevators, forceps, hammers, root-needles, dental probes and soon. Patients with dental diseases come to stomatological policlinics and receive dental care. There are many dental diseases such as caries, gingivitis, stomatitis, paradontosis and others. All of them are treated at the dentist’s. Medical stomatological care is on a high standard. It is provided with a great staff of skilled dentists and nurses. Special attention is given to stomatological aid to children. They are examined every year and receive proper treatment. It is necessary to take good care of teeth and visit the dentist regularly. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
There are many hospitals in our city. Let’s visit our district hospital. It is a modern, multistory building. There are several departments there. They are therapeutic, surgical, neurological, gynaecological and others. At the therapeutic department you can see many wards which are large and light. Every ward houses from four to eight patients. In every ward you can find some beds and bedside tables. There are patients with different diseases of inner organs at the therapeutic department. Some of the patients *suffer from heart diseases, such as myocarditis, pericarditis, infarction and so on. Others have lung diseases as pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma and so on. Some patients *are afflicted with abdominal and bowel diseases, such as ulcer, gastritis, colitis, indigestion. Some of the patients are ill with *kidney and bladder diseases. They are nephritis, inflammation and stones of kidneys and bladder. The working day in the hospital begins very early. At 7 a.m. the nurses *take the temperature of the patients, give them medicines and *carry out other doctors’ prescription. At 9 a.m. the *doctor in charge begins *to make the morning round at the therapeutic department. The students follow the doctor. They are all in white overalls. The doctor examines the patients, listens to their lungs and hearts, feels pulses, *measures blood pressure and prescribes different medicines to them. During these examinations the students learn the methods of examining a patient. These methods are: questioning a patient, external examination, percussion, auscultation, palpation, taking blood pressure, laboratory examinations, taking electrocardiograms, etc. There were four patients in the ward. The doctor in charge examined the patient with hypertension. The patient’s pressure was high. He complained of his headache and weakness. The doctor confirmed the diagnosis of hypertension. The physician advised the patient to continue the course of treatment. Then he began to fill in the patients’ *case histories. Notes: * to suffer from – страждати (від хвороби) * to be afflicted - бути ураженим хворобою * kidney and bladder diseases – хвороби нирок і сечового міхура * to carry out doctor’s prescription – виконувати призначення лікаря * to make the morning round – робити ранковий обхід * to measure blood pressure – ['mFZq'] вимірювати кров’яний тиск * doctor in charge – відповідальний лікар * to take the temperature – вимірювати температуру * case history - історія хвороби Questions about the text: 1. What kind of hospital is it? 2. What departments are there in the hospital? 3. What else can you see at the therapeutic department? 4. What can you find in the ward? 5. What diseases of inner organs do you know? 6. When does the working day begin? 7. What do the nurses do in the hospital? 8. What does the doctor in charge do every day? 9. What does every doctor do during the examination of the patient? 10. What are the methods of examining a patient? Summary Every big hospital has a therapeutic department. Here you can see many wards and some procedure rooms. At the therapeutic department there are patients with different diseases of inner organs. Some of the patients have heart diseases, others have lung diseases. Many patients are ill with abdominal, kidney and bladder diseases. The working day in the hospital begins early. In the morning the nurses take patients’ temperature, give them medicines. At 9 o’clock the doctors make the morning round. They examine the patients, listen to their hearts and lungs and administer a proper treatment. After the morning round the doctors fill in case histories. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
If you wish to become a physician, a dentist, a pharmacist you must enter one of the medical universities. There are more than 15 higher medical establishments in Ukraine. There are also medical schools which train nurses, doctor’s assistants, midwives and laboratory assistants. To enter a medical university the applicants *undergo testing in Biology and Chemistry or Physics. If they achieve good results they are admitted. The term of training lasts for 5 or 6 years. The academic year has two terms. At the end of each term the medical students take their credit tests and examinations. During the first two years they are given general, preclinical training. They study the following subjects: Morphology, Physiology, Pathology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Anatomy, Histology, Latin one of the foreign languages and other subjects. During the senior years the students are taught such clinical subjects as Therapy, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology and others. The senior students *gain practical skills working at different medical institutions. At the end of the 3rd course they perform the duties of the nurses. After the 4th year the students work as doctor’s assistants at the medical, surgical and obstetrical wards. After the 5th year they take a practical course in an outpatient clinic. During the 6th year the students have the subinternship when they must *become proficient in one of the three main clinical subjects – Internal Diseases, Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynecology. Then after completing the course they *get their work appointments. But the graduates are not immediately given their diplomas. They must serve as interns for an extra year at large hospitals. Only then they get their doctor’s diplomas and the right to independent work. The best graduates *are engaged in research. They defend their dissertation after *attending the post-graduate courses and obtain degrees of candidates of sciences. Their salaries and their *service record begin from the time of their appointment. Notes: * to undergo testing – проходити тестування * to gain skills [geIn] - набувати навички * to perform the duty - виконувати обов’язок * to become proficient [prq'fISqnt] – спеціалізуватися * work appointment – призначення на роботу, направлення на роботу * to be engaged [In'geIGd] залучати до * to attend post-graduate course [q'tFnd pOst grxdjuIt 'kO:s] – відвідувати аспірантуру (вчитися на курсах підвищення кваліфікації) * service record ['rFko:d] – стаж роботи Questions about the text: 1. Where can we receive the medical education? 2. How long does the course of study last? 3. What subjects are studied in preclinical training? 4. What do the senior medical students study? 5. How do the senior students gain practical skills ? 6. What do they do during their internship? 7. What perspective do the best graduates have? Summary In Ukraine medical education is received at medical schools, medical institutes and universities. Medical schools train nurses, doctor’s assistants, midwives and laboratory assistants. At universities the course of studies lasts for 5 or 6 years. During first two years the students study general subjects: Biology, Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Anatomy, Histology, Latin and others. During senior years they study clinical subjects: Therapy, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology and others. Besides the students have practical training at hospitals and policlinics. After the course of studies medical students pass final exams. Then they work as interns for 1 or 2 years. Only then they get their doctor’s diplomas. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
Training in higher medical institutions of Great Britain lasts about 8 years. The graduates get University degrees, a BM (Bachelor of Medicine) and a BS (Bachelor of Science). To enter the medical college you have to pass an entrance exam for GCE (General Certificate of Education). Usually the applicants are about 17-18 years old who have already finished six years of primary and six years of secondary schools. Every medical college *keeps to its own policy. But most of them *take into account progress at school, reference papers from school and results of the personal interview with an appllicant. There are four periods of study in medical colleges. They are the following: the pre-medical, the pre-clinical, the introductory clinical and the clinical periods. Every University has its own rules concerning what to study and how much to study. But there are certain basic principles. The academic year consists of 3 trimesters. The pre-medical period (the first year) is devoted to studying Chemistry, Physics, Botany and Zoology. During the pre-clinical period (the second year and two trimesters of the third year) the students study Anatomy, Embryology, Histology, Physiology, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry and in many colleges they study Psychology too. The introductory clinical period (the third trimester of the 3rd year) is devoted to the clinical work. During the clinical period the students have their practice in therapeutic, surgical or obstetric departments of the hospitals and have practical classes in Pathology and Bacteriology, Pharmacology and Therapy, Psychiatry, * Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical Ethics and Public Health-Service. The main qualification exams are held at the end of each period of study. Having passed the final exam the students get degree of a BM and BS. These degrees have the right for primary registration. To receive a doctor’s qualification you have to work for a year as an intern or resident in one of the specially organized for this purpose hospitals. The legal right to practice medicine does not depend on degrees or diploma. It is granted by the Central Medical Council (CMC) as a result of registration. The CMC has a list of all the doctors in the country who have |
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