Л. Ф. Лозінська викладач кафедри
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Dental service in ukraine About myself. my family Medical service in the usa Medical education in the usa |
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the legal right to practice medicine. The graduates may get a degree of a Doctor of Medicine if they make a thesis or pass a special exam. Notes: * to keep to one’s own policy ['pOlIsI] - дотримуватись своїх правил (лінії поведінки) * to take into account [q'kaunt] - враховувати * Forensic Medicine [fO'rensIk 'mFdsIn] – судова медицина Questions about the text: 1. How long does the training in higher medical institutions of Great Britain last? 2. Is there a centralized principle for the choice of students in Great Britain? 3. What can you say about the entrance exams? 4. How many periods of study are there in medical colleges? What are they? 5. What can you say about each period? Describe them. 6. When are the main qualification exams held? 7. What do the students get after final exams? 8. What right do these degrees give?
Summary Higher medical education in Great Britain is difficult. It lasts for 8 years of hard study. There are 4 periods of study at medical colleges. They are: pre-medical, pre-clinical, introductory clinical, and clinical periods. The academic year consists of 3 trimesters. The pre-medical period is the first year of study. The students study Chemistry, Physics, Botany and Zoology. During the preclinical period they study Anatomy, Histology and Physiology. During the introductory clinical period the students begin to study clinical subjects. During the clinical period the students have medical practice in hospitals and polyclinics. After the course of studies medical students pass final exams and get degrees of BM and BS. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
The Public Health Service in Ukraine *is under the care of Ministry of Health and financed by the state budget. The network of clinics, dispensaries, hospitals, maternity homes serve patients. One part of Health service is dentistry. Dental aid is rendered at dental policlinics. A lot of specialists work there. They perform all kinds of dental work: treatment of dental diseases, *correction of bite, *tooth extraction. Before treatment clinicians make diagnoses, determine etiology, pathogenesis *as well as symtoms of diseases. A number of different procedures *should be carried out: history taking, *physical examination including visual examination, palpation, percussion; laboratory studies, instrumental studies. A large component of Dental Public Service is *preventive dentistry. Research work on imroving the efficacy of existing prevention and control measures is undertaken. The development of *screening methods for the identification of *high-risk groups for dental caries, destructive periodontal diseases*, and precancerous and *cancerous lesions are among them. All preschool and and school children undergo medical and dental examination, and all necessary treatment is undertaken. Dentists, hygienists, nurses teachers and parents must give children knowledge of *proper tooth-brushing method, balanced diet, oral hygiene, correction of *harmful habits. The dental program is concentrated on prevention of infectious and chronic diseases, improvement of living conditions, physical training. Medical research is carried on in the field of genetics and pediatric dentistry. Scientists study the influence of smoking on oral tissues. Our scientists design new dental equipment and instruments. Clinicians use new methods of treatment and new remedies. New *filling materials such as composite and polymer are strong and resemble natural teeth. Surgeons have achieved considerable results in plastic surgery. Notes: * to be under the care of – бути під наглядом * correction of bite – корекція прикуса * tooth extraction – видалення зуба * as well as - а також * should be carried out – повинен бути проведений * physical examination – медичне обстеження * preventive dentistry – профілактична стоматологія * screening methods – методи скринінгу * high-risk group – група підвищеного ризику на захворювання * destructive periodontal diseases – деструктивна хвороба періодонту * cancerous lesion – ракове захворювання * harmful habit – шкідлива звичка * proper tooth-brushing method – правильна методика чищення зубів * filling material – пломбуючий матеріал Questions about the text: 1. How is the Public Health Service financed? 2. Where is dental aid rendered? 3. What do clinicians make before treatment? 4. What measures are undertaken for prevention of dental diseases? 5. Is it necessary to give children knowledge about dental care?. 6. What is dental program concentrated on? 7. How is medical research carried on?
Summary Health Service in Ukraine has a state character. One part of Health Service is dentistry. Dental aid is rendered at stomatological policlinics. Many skilled specialists work there. They are: therapeutic stomatologists, surgical stomatologists, parodontologists and orthodontists. They perform all kinds of dental work: treatment of dental diseases, correction of bite, tooth extraction. Dentists use new methods of treatment, new remedies and filling materials. Great attention is payed to preventive dentistry. Children undergo regular dental examinations and receive proper treatment. They learn how to look after their teeth and oral cavity. In Ukraine there are also many private dental surgeries. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
My name is Oleh. I am 18. I am a first-year student of Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial University. My family consists of 4 members: mother, father, elder sister and me. My mother is rather young, she 38. She is a therapeutist. She deals with many patients every day, helps them, gives them advice. She is a skilled physician. My father is a surgeon. He is 43. He works at the hospital like my mother. He is *a highly-qualified specialist. My elder sister’s name is Kate. She has just graduated from our university. She is a dentist. At our university there are many *scientific students’ societies, and I am a member of biological society, because I am fond of Biology and I am going to have deep knowledge in it, take part in research work and conferences. My hobby is swimming. As *I am busy as a bee, I visit my swimming-pool only twice a week. Going in for sport helps me *to keep myself in a good form. Our students study hard but many of us visit various sport clubs, university parties, take part in students’ conferences. I am very glad that I am a first (second) - year student of our university, one of the best universities in Ukraine. So, as Vinnytsya is my native town, I am going to tell about it. (див. текст “Vinnytsya” як зразок) Notes: * to be a highly-qualified specialist – бути високо-кваліфікованим спеціалістом * to be busy as a bee – працювати як бджілка * scientific students’ society – науковий студентський гурток * to keep oneself in a good form – бути в гарній формі Questions about the text: 1. What are you? 2. How old are you? 3.Where do you study? 4. Are you a first or a second-year student? 5. What is your mother’s profession? 7. What can you say about your father’s profession?. 8. Do you take part in the work of any students’ societies? 9. What is your hobby? 10. Do you work hard at the University?
DRUGS Increase your vocabulary:
Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the cure, treatment or prevention of disesases in man and animals. They can come from different sources and are obtained from plants such as roots, leaves and fruits. For example, antibiotic penicillin is obtained from plants called molds. Drugs can also be obtained from animals, for example, hormones and secretions from glands of animals. Drugs can be made from chemical substances in laboratories. Some drugs are contained in food, they are called vitamins. A drug can have three names: 1. The chemical name is the chemical formular for the drug. 2. The generic name is public property and any drug manufacturer may use it. 3. The brand name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. There are some definite standards for drugs set by independent commitee. Two of these important standards are that the drug must be clinically useful and available in pure form. The drugs can be classified according to their action. The main groups are: antiseptics, cough mixtures, laxatives, tonics, analgesics , ointments and others.Therapeutic effect, side effect and allergic reaction are the major characteristics of drugs. One should remember about the reaction of drugs on the body. Too little of the drug causes it to be ineffective while an overdosage may be fatal. Children and aged people are more sensitive to drugs and require a smaller dose than others. Drugs are administered in four ways: orally (through the mouth); parenterally (by injection); rectally (into the rectum), and by inhallation. Notes: * to be available – бути доступним, бути в розпорядженні * according to – згідно з, відповідно до * side effect – побічний ефект * one should take into consideration – треба прийняти до уваги Questions about the text: 1. What are drugs? 2. Where are drugs obtained from? 3.What is the chemical name of the drug? 4. What is meant by the generic name of a drug? 5. What can you say about the brand name of a drug ? 6. What are the two important standards of the USP? 7. How can the drugs be grouped? 8. Describe the major characteristics of drugs? 9. What are the requirements for drugs for children and aged persons?
Summary Drugs are chemical substances for treatment or prevention of diseases. They relieve suffering and pain. Drugs come from different sources. They are obtained from plants and animals. And they are made from chemical substances in laboratories. Usually drugs have three names: the chemical name, the generic name and the brand name. All drugs are grouped according to their action. There are antiseptics, analgetics, sedatives, laxatives, tonics and other drugs. The main characteristics of drugs are: therapeutic effect, side effect and allergic reaction. Drugs are administered orally, parenterally, rectally and by inhallation. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
A traditional * primary care in the USA is the physician’s office. Physicians either have their own office or work with several other physicians. They diagnose and determine the therapy required for treatment. Many physicians include health promotion and disease prevention. Before World War II, most people had a family physician who was a general practitioner but today , the trend is towards specialization. In the USA there are 23 areas of primary specialization that are organized under the direction of the American Medical Association (AMA). The areas of specialization include many branches of medicine, among them: *Emergency Medicine, Family Practice, Pediatrics, *Preventive Medicine, Surgery and many others. The AMA represents various states, local medical associations and government agencies among them Public Health Service (PHS) which is the United States government’s principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans. PHS includes more than 300 programs, some include Medicare (health insurance for elderly and disabled Americans) and Medicaid (health insurance for low-income people). There are also *home care agencies, that restore health of residents. They provide care for both acute short-term care and long-term care of chronic illness. Services have *to meet the needs of patients and their families. Home care includes dental, medical and nursing care, speech and *physical therapy and some other kinds of services. Hospitals have provided restorative care to the ill or injured. They provide inpatient beds, *nursing services and medical staff. Hospitals are classified *according to their ownership and controlled by the government or may be private. There are many rehabilitation centers which help *physically disabled because of a birth defect, birth injury or physical injury. Rehabilitation is provided by various specialized therapists. The therapists and physicians work together as a team. The main scientific problems facing American medicine are : cardio-vascular diseases, cancer, AIDS, and infectious diseases. Great effort is being taken to determine the causes and cure of these diseases. Notes: * primary care – первинне мед. обслуговування * Emergency Medicine – невідкладна медицина * Preventive Medicine – профілактична медицина * home care agencies – агенство по догляду за хворими на дому * to meet the needs – задовільняти потреби * physical therapy – фізикальна терапія * nursing services (nursing care) – послуги, які надають матері та дитині * according to – згідно з * physically disabled – фізично непрацездатні Questions about the text: 1. What is a traditional primary care in the USA? 2. How many areas of primary specialization are there in the USA? 3.What are they? 4. What does the AMA represent? 5. How many programs do PHS include? What are they? 6. What are home care agencies?. 7. What do hospitals provide? 8. What can you say about rehabilitation centers? 9. What are the main scientific problems facing American medicine? Summary A traditional primary care in the USA is the physician’s office. Physicians have their own office or work with other physicians. They diagnose and treat the patients. In the USA there are 23 areas of primary specialization that are organized by the AMA (American Medical Association). These specializations are: Emergency Medicine, Family Practice, Surgery, Preventive Medicine and many others. Public Health Service is the US government’s main agency to protect the health of all Americans. PHS includes more than 300 programs, among them Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare provides health insurance for elderly and disabled Americans. Medicaid provides health insurance for low-income people. There are also home care agencies that provide dental, medical and nursing care and other kinds of services. There are many rehabilitation centers which help physically disabled. The main problems of American medicine are: cardio-vascular diseases, cancer, AIDs and infectious diseases. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
In the USA the young man who has the High school education must pass through seven or eight years of hard study. Students who wish to become physicians have three or four years of premedical training at a University preparing them for a medical school. This course of studies is generally called a premedical curriculum. Here they learn the main sciences such as Mathematics, Physics, Inorganic Chemistry, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Economics, Philosophy, etc. This long list of subjects is made more tolerable by a large number of very good parties, vacations and *sporting events. At the end of their third year the very important process of applying to a medical school begins. Only those students who show good results in their premedical training can become candidates for higher medical education. Those who do not continue their education can work as nurses. Medical schools train practitioners and physician-scientists in all fields of medicine. The course of study is four years. *Tuition fees is about $30 000 per year. Medical schools have a policy of *need-blind admission and adequate financial aid for those students with financial need. In the medical school medical subjects are taught. During the first two years the students master laboratory sciences. The students study Anatomy, Biochemistry, because it is the basis for clinical laboratory diagnosis and therapy. The students learn the functions of the body theoretically from books and by laboratory experiments in classes of Physiology. In the USA the curriculum of medical schools has such a subject as Psychology, which teaches the students to *deal with patients and understand human behavior. The students learn all other subjects such as Biomathematics, History of medicine, Microbiology, Pathology, Physical Diagnosis, Pharmacology and Laboratory Diagnosis before they begin to treat patients. |
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