Л. Ф. Лозінська викладач кафедри
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Dental service in great britain At the chemist ’s My working day My future speciality |
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At the third and fourth years the students get instructions and gain practical medical experience in the treatment and care of the patient. At the end of four years all students receive the degree of Doctor of Medicine. But they must serve for one year as interns. After finishing the internship a doctor may begin his work as a general practitioner. However, if he wishes to become a specialist he must work an additional three to seven years under the supervision of a specialist. Notes: * sporting events – спортивні змагання * tuition fees – плата за навчання * need-blind admission – прийом студентів “всліпу” (без попереднього ознайомлення з їх фінансовим станом) * deal with - [dI:l wID] мати справу, спілкуватись Questions about the text:
8) How many years should a doctor work to become a specialist? Summary Medical education in the USA is difficult. It lasts for 7 or 8 years. First the students have 3 or 4 years of premedical training. They study many general subjects. Those who show good results become candidates for higher medical education. In medical schools the students study medical subjects. They study Anatomy, Physiology, History of medicine, Pharmacology and many others. At the third and fourth years the students have medical practice in hospitals. They study many clinical subjects. After the course of studies all students get degrees of Doctor of Medicine. Then they work as interns for one year. After that they may work as general practitioners. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
The National Health Service (NHS) was established in 1948 to provide high-quality medical treatment in hospital and outside. Its fundamental principle was availability for all, regardless of wealth. The NHS is run by the government. The NHS consists of 3 parts: family doctors or “GPs” (general practitioners including dentists); the hospital and specialists service and the local community services. Many dentists are *registered in Great Britain. Most of dentists work in the general service, others work in the salaried community service and the rest are employed in hospitals. Dental Service is oriented to curative and rehabilitating treatment rather than prevention. In contrast to the genaral medical service there are no restrictions on where dentists may practice and *their lists are not closed. The patient is free to choose his doctor and to change to another if he wishes to. The entire system is free, with the exception of prescribed drugs, dental treatment, sight tests and spectacles, for which there are standard charges but for old age pensioners, children under 16 and some other categories these services are free. Adult patients have to pay a contribution towards the cost of routine dental treatment with higher charges for denture and some restorative treatment. But examination and arrest of bleeding are free. Dentists working in the community service get salary. This kind of dental service is carried out in dental clinics and health centers. It was developed for priority group patients who can obtain dental treatment free of charge. These groups include children of all ages, expectant and nursing mothers and disabled adults. Community dentists provide curative treatment with necessary prevention. The hospital dental service provides advice of specialist and treatment in oral and Maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics and restorative dentistry. In addition, it has responsibility for routine dental care for long stay hospital patients and the emergency treatment for short stay patients. Notes: * to be registered in Great Britain – занесені до списку стоматологів Великобританії (стоматолог не може почати працювати доти, поки його ім’я не внесено до загального списку, цим списком завідує Генеральна рада стоматологів; до заг. списку заноситься ім’я лікаря, його адреса, кваліфікація) * their lists are not closed – їх списки не закриті (у зв’язку з тим, що в Англії не вистачає стоматологів, їх не обмежують у виборі місця роботи). * to be free – бути безкоштовним * disabled adults - інваліди * expectant and nursing mothers – вагітні жінки і ті, що доглядають немовлят Questions about the text:
Summary Dental Service in Great Britain is given in special clinics and private dental surgeries. The cost of dental treatment is different. In clinics some kinds of dental service are free. But it is necessary to pay for dentures and restorative material. Dental prosthetic treatment is carried out in clinics by the dentists. A dentist in Great has the right to practice dentistry if his name is listed in the Dentist’s Register. He may work at a clinic or hospital, the armed forces or do the research work. Usually every dentist has assistants. They mix filling material and do many other kinds of work. The system of family doctors helps to reveal abnormalities of teeth in children. UKRAINE Increase your vocabulary:
In 1991 Ukraine was proclaimed an independent state. President is the head of the state. Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) is the highest body of State power. Ukraine has its state flag (blue-and-yellow), national emblem (Trident), anthem. Its national language is Ukrainian. The territory of Ukraine is divided into 24 regions and the Republic of Crimea. The capital of Ukraine is Kiyiv. Ukraine borders on Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Rumania and other countries. There are many industrial and large centers in Ukraine. It is a developed industrial and agricultural country. It is rich in oil, coal, natural gas and other mineral resources. The most important branches of our national economy are the power, machine-building, metallurgy and chemical industry. Much attention is paid to the increase of economic effectiveness of agriculture. Various cereals, fruits, vegetables are grown here. Special attention is paid to cattle and poultry farming. Ukraine has many educational and research institutions. The Ukrainian scientists make important research work in biology, medicine, physics and other branches of Science. They develop new technologies in industry and agriculture.Ukraine takes part in the work of many international organizations. It maintains ties with different countries of the world. The climate of Ukraine is moderately continental. The territory of Ukraine is flat. The only mountains are the Ukrainian Carpathians in the west and the Crimea mountains in the south. Questions about the text:
Summary Ukraine is an independent state. The president is the head of the state Parliament is the highest body of power. Ukraine has its own flag, emblem and anthem Ukraine is large in territory.There are 24 regions and the Republic of Crimea. Its territory is flat. The only mountains are the Carpathian mountains and the Crimea mountains. Ukraine is a developed industrial and agricultural country. It is rich in oil, coal, natural gas and other mineral resources. Different cereals, vegetables and fruits are grown here. Ukraine also maintains ties with different countries of the world. ^ (for the students of pharmaceutical faculty) Increase your vocabulary:
*Chemist’s shop is a specialized shop where medicines are sold. It has a hall for visitors, two departments for selling drugs, and proper working groups. The department for reception of prescriptions and delivery of drugs is called a prescription department. The other one is called a chemist department. At the prescription department medicines are sold or made *according to prescriptions. Here one can see medicines of all kinds: boxes and parcels of different powders, ampules used for intramuscular and intravenous injections; tubes of ointments; different pills and tablets for internal use; tonics and sedatives administered orally. At the chemist department one can buy also different things for medical care and medical plants. At this department medicines are kept according to their therapeutic effect: drugs for cough, cardiac medicines, drugs for headache. Disinfectants, herbs and things for medical care such as *hot water bottles, *medicine droppers, thermometers are kept separately. At the chemist’s all medicines are kept in drug cabinets, on the open shelves and in the refrigerator. Poisonous drugs are kept in the drug cabinet with the letter A. Strong effective drugs are kept in the drug cabinet having the letter B. Every small bottle or box has a label with the name of the medicine. There are labels of four colours for the drugs prepared at the chemist’s: labels of a green colour indicate medicines for internal use; blue labels indicate drugs used for injections. Drugs for external use have labels of a yellow colour. Drugs used for treatment of eyes diseases have labels of a pink colour. The personnel of the chemist’s consists of: a manager, a *dispensing pharmacist a chemist controlling the prescription and a chemist-analyst. There is also a pharmacist who is *in charge of the supply of necessary medicines. Notes: * according to - відповідно до..., згідно * chemist’s shop - аптека * hot water bottle - грілка * medicine dropper - крапельниця, піпетка * dispensing pharmacist - фармацевт, який відпускає ліки * to be in charge - бути відповідальним Questions about the text:
Summary There are many chemists’ shops in our town. . Some of them are state but many others are private. Chemist’s shop is a specialized shop where medicines are sold. There are two departments at the chemist’s shop: a prescription department and a chemist department. At the chemist’s department we can buy medicines immediately. At the prescription department we can order some drugs. Every box or bottle has a label with its name. There are labels of four colours: yellow, blue, green and pink. Yellow labels indicate drugs for external use. Blue labels indicate drugs for injections. Labels of a green colour indicate medicines for internal use and labels of a pink colour indicate drugs for treatment of eye diseases. At the chemist’s shop we can buy everything necessary for medical care. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
A am a first (second) year student of the Medical University. Every day I have much necessary work to do. I always remember the proverb: “The lost time is never found again”. That’s why I try to *work against time. I have to get up early in the morning I should *mind my business. At half past six I am disturbed by sound of my alarm clock. I do my morning exercises, make my bed, myself, brush my teeth, comb my hair. *I dress up in no time. Then I have my breakfast. It takes me ten minutes. My mother cooks the breakfast for me. Then I go to the University. Usually I get to the University on foot, but when *I am in a hurry I get there by trolleybus. As a rule, I come to the University in time, but sometimes I am late and our professor *takes an extremely grave view at my being late. I attend lectures and practical classes every day. My favourite subject is Biochemistry. Prof. Smirnov *delivers lectures in his own way. *I sit hardly daring to breathe during his lectures. At half past twelve we have our break. I go to the student’s canteen where I have lunch (dinner). To have lunch at the café *is beyond my means. I often visit the library to get additional information on some subjects. Our lectures and practical classes are over at a quarter to 5 p.m. Sometimes I come back home *dead tired but I guess every gives me much valuable and necessary knowledge. In the evening I get ready for my classes. On Sundays I have enough time for chattering with my friends. Usually I go to bed at 11 p.m. Notes: * to work against time – вкластися вчасно * to mind my business – пам’ятати про справу * to dress up in no time – одягнутися миттєво * to be in a hurry – поспішати * to take an extremely grave view at – похмуро дивитися на * to deliver lectures – читати лекції * to sit hardly daring to breathe – сидіти, затамувавши подих * to be beyond one’s means – бути неспроможним заплатити * dead tired - смертельно втомлений Questions about the text: 1. Which year student are you? 2. What do you do every morning? 3. How long does it take you to get to the University? 4. Do you get to the university in time? 5. In what way do you get to the University? 6. How many lectures and practical classes do you have every day? 7. When are your lectures and practical classes over? 8. When do you go to bed? Summary I am a first (second) year student of the Medical University. Every day I have much necessary work to do. Usually I get up at seven o’clock in the morning. I make my bed, wash myself, brush my teeth and dress. Then I have my breakfast. After that I go to the University. We have lectures and practical classes every day. Our classes finish at 5 p.m. After the classes I go home and have dinner. Sometimes I go to the reading-room to read some books. In the evening I get ready to the practical classes in Anatomy, Histology, Chemistry, Microbiology and other subjects. I go to bed at 11 (eleven) o’clock in the evening. ^ Increase your vocabulary:
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